Practice question
In illegal-dismissal cases, which circumstance can support moral damages when properly established?
- Dismissal attended by bad faith, fraud, oppression, or conduct contrary to morals, good customs, or public policy.
- Every adverse workplace decision regardless of its manner.
- The employee’s preference for a larger award alone.
- The employer’s mere participation in litigation.
- The employee’s union membership alone.
Legal references
- Bartolome v Toyota Quezon Avenue, G.R. No. 254465, April 3, 2024, damages, attorney’s fees and separation in lieu of reinstatement: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2024/apr2024/gr_254465_2024.html
- Labor Code, DOLE consolidated 2022 edition, Articles 219, 258–260, 262–264, 274 and 278–279: https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/natlex2/files/download/15242/PHL15242%202022.pdf; Article 111.
- Civil Code, Articles 2208, 2217, 2219, 2229 and 2232: https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1949/ra_386_1949.html
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