Question

Ahmed is a foreigner who recently moved to the Philippines. Despite his best efforts to familiarize himself with the local laws, he inadvertently commits a violation due to his lack of knowledge regarding a specific law. Meanwhile, Maria, a local resident, is involved in a contract with a company but claims that she was not aware of a crucial fact that would have influenced her decision to engage in the contract.

Question:

1. Discuss the concept of ignorance of the law in Philippine civil law, as provided by Article 3 of the Civil Code. What are the legal implications for individuals who claim ignorance of the law?
2. Explain the concept of ignorance of fact in contracts and its effects on the validity and enforceability of contracts. How does it differ from ignorance of the law?
3. Considering the scenarios of Ahmed and Maria, analyze how the principle of ignorance of the law and ignorance of fact apply to their situations. Are they absolved of liability or consequences for their actions? Provide legal justifications for your answer.