Question

Scenario 1:

John is a foreigner who recently moved to the Philippines. One day, he unknowingly parks his car in a "No Parking" zone. He receives a parking ticket from the traffic enforcer but argues that he was not aware of the parking regulation. John claims that ignorance of the law should be a valid defense. Is John's argument valid? Discuss.

Scenario 2:

Maria, a business owner, entered into a business transaction with Juan. Maria sold a piece of land to Juan, unaware that the land actually belonged to someone else and that the sale was invalid. When the true owner of the land discovered the transaction, he demanded the return of the property. Maria argues that she should not be liable because she was ignorant of the fact that the land did not belong to her. Determine the legal consequences of Maria's ignorance in this situation.