Question

1. Juan, a Filipino citizen, obtained a judgment in a foreign country against David, a foreign national, for breach of contract. Juan now wants to enforce this foreign judgment in the Philippines. Discuss the requirements and procedure for the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments under Philippine law.

2. Maria, a Filipino citizen, filed a divorce petition in a foreign country and obtained a divorce decree, dissolving her marriage to Miguel, who is also a Filipino citizen. Maria now wants to have her divorce decree recognized and given effect in the Philippines. Analyze the legal principles and grounds for the recognition or non-recognition of foreign divorce decrees under Philippine law.

3. Sofia, a Philippine corporation, entered into a business contract with Alex, a foreign individual, in a foreign country. The contract includes a provision stating that any disputes arising from the contract shall be resolved through international arbitration. If a dispute indeed arises, explain the legal framework and procedures governing the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in the Philippines.