Question

Scenario:

John, a Filipino citizen, won a lawsuit in a foreign country and obtained a judgment against XYZ Corporation, a foreign corporation. The judgment requires XYZ Corporation to pay John a substantial amount of money as damages. John now wants to enforce the foreign judgment in the Philippines.

Question:

1. What are the requirements for the recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgment in the Philippines under the Conflict of Laws (Civil Code, arts. 15-18)? Discuss.
2. Assuming all the requirements are met, what steps can John take to enforce the foreign judgment in the Philippines? Explain.
3. Are there any grounds on which the recognition and enforcement of the foreign judgment may be refused? If so, provide examples and explain.