Question

1. Rowena and John were married and had a child named Benjamin. After their divorce, Rowena wants to change their child's surname from "Doe" to "Smith," which is her maiden name. John, on the other hand, insists that Benjamin should retain his father's surname. Discuss the legal options available to Rowena and John with regard to Benjamin's surname, citing the relevant provisions of the Civil Code, Family Code, and applicable laws.

2. An unmarried couple, Carlos and Maria, have a child named Sophia. During the registration of Sophia's birth, Carlos, without Maria's knowledge, entered his own surname as Sophia's surname. Maria later discovers this and wants to change Sophia's surname to hers. Discuss the legal remedies available to Maria, considering the provisions of the Civil Code, Family Code, and applicable laws.

3. Rafael, a transgender man, underwent gender reassignment surgery and changed his gender marker to male. He wants to change his first name from "Rachel" to "Raffy" and his surname from "Romero" to "Reyes," which is his father's surname. Can Rafael change his first name and surname? Explain the legal basis for your answer, citing relevant provisions of the Civil Code, Family Code, and applicable laws.

4. Anna is an abandoned child who was found and cared for by a charitable institution. When she reached the age of majority, she wants to change her surname from "Dela Cruz" to "Doe," which is the surname of the couple who took her in and treated her as their own child. Discuss the legal requirements and procedures for Anna to change her surname, citing the relevant provisions of the Civil Code, Family Code, and applicable laws.