Question

B. Unjust Enrichment (Civil Code, arts. 22-23 and 2142-2143)

Consider the following scenarios:

1. A businessman hired a contractor to renovate his office space. The contractor completed the work and submitted an invoice for the services rendered. However, the businessman refused to pay the full amount and only paid a fraction of the agreed-upon price. The contractor believes he has been unjustly enriched by the businessman's refusal to pay the remaining amount.
2. A young couple rented an apartment for a year. They paid the landlord a security deposit equivalent to two months' rent. At the end of the lease term, the couple decided not to renew the contract and moved out of the apartment. The landlord, without any valid reason, refused to return the security deposit to the couple, claiming it was forfeited under the terms of the lease agreement. The couple believes the landlord has been unjustly enriched by keeping their security deposit.
3. An employee was wrongfully terminated from his job by his employer. The employee filed a case for illegal dismissal, and the labor court found in his favor, ordering the employer to pay back wages and other benefits. However, despite the court's decision, the employer refused to comply and did not pay the employee his rightful compensation. The employee argues that the employer has been unjustly enriched by withholding his rightful wages.

Based on the given scenarios, analyze the concept of unjust enrichment as provided for in Articles 22-23 and 2142-2143 of the Civil Code. Discuss the elements of unjust enrichment and explain how it can be applied to each scenario. Additionally, provide applicable legal principles and jurisprudence to support your answers.