Question

1. Aisha, a Filipino citizen, gave birth to a healthy baby girl named Sofia. However, Aisha was married to Carlos, a foreign national, at the time of Sofia's birth. Carlos, who was not present during the birth, refuses to acknowledge Sofia as his child. Aisha wants to establish Sofia's filiation to Carlos. Discuss the legal provisions and steps that Aisha can take to establish paternity and the civil personality of Sofia under the Civil Code of the Philippines.

2. Ramon, a 75-year-old Filipino, was declared missing and presumed dead after being lost at sea for several years. His wife, Maria, wants to have him declared legally dead so that she can administer his estate and settle his affairs. Discuss the legal requirements and the process that Maria needs to undertake to have Ramon declared legally dead and to terminate his civil personality.