Practice question
A commanding officer knows that subordinates are committing torture, has authority to prevent or investigate it, and deliberately takes no preventive or corrective action before, during or immediately after its commission. He argues that only the hands-on perpetrators can be principals. Which is correct under Section 13?
- Only hands-on participation can create principal liability.
- Rank alone automatically establishes guilt in every case.
- All superiors are exempt from the Act.
- The stated knowledge, authority and omission can establish the superior's liability as a principal.
- Liability requires a public announcement by the superior.
Legal references
- https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2009/ra_9745_2009.html — RA 9745, Section 13.
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