Practice question
Explain why RA 11449 makes actual monetary loss unnecessary for certain access-device frauds. Identify the statutory conduct that must still be proved.
Legal references
- RA 8484, Sections 3, 9–14 and 17, retained provisions read with RA 11449 amendments: https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8484_1998.html
- RA 11449, Sections 2–5 amending access-device definitions, prohibited acts, penalties and presumption threshold: https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2019/ra_11449_2019.html
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