Pro Reo Principle

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1. What does the pro reo principle ordinarily require when genuine unresolved ambiguity in a penal provision permits compe…
2. Does pro reo permit a court to disregard a clear applicable offense and select a different offense solely because it ha…
3. Which must be distinguished from legal ambiguity in construing a penal statute?
4. The charged offense’s clear elements are proved beyond reasonable doubt. The accused invokes pro reo solely to demand p…
5. After ordinary interpretive analysis, a penal phrase remains genuinely open to two reasonable constructions, one coveri…
6. An accused says two Code provisions both mention real property, so the court must automatically apply the lighter one d…
7. A judge finds the governing penal provision clear but personally regards its result as harsh. The judge proposes to cal…
8. Explain the role and limit of pro reo in penal statutory construction.
9. Distinguish genuine statutory ambiguity from the argument that any lower penalty anywhere must be applied.
10. Does a judge’s belief that a clear penalty is excessive permit free substitution through pro reo?
11. What construction principle for statutory prescription of crimes did the Causing en banc main resolution reiterate?
12. As reaffirmed in Causing on April 8, 2026, what prescriptive period governs cyber libel?