Practice question
A carrier invokes the package limit because value details are in an invoice expressly incorporated into the bill, not repeated word for word on its face. The invoice is admitted, the carrier was informed of value, and corresponding freight was paid. Which main ruling is relevant?
- Every invoice is legally irrelevant even if incorporated and admitted.
- Any invoice number invariably proves knowledge without further evidence.
- Only oral declarations may prove value.
- The value must always be printed on every page of the bill.
- Eastern Shipping Lines recognizes that incorporation by reference can satisfy the declaration requirement on such facts.
Legal references
- Eastern Shipping Lines v. BPI/MS Insurance, G.R. No. 182864, January 12, 2015, main decision, COGSA Section 4(5): https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2015/jan2015/gr_182864_2015.html
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