Practice question
A company describes false expense invoices as efficient tax planning. Apply Toda’s three-factor formulation to the stipulated knowing fabrication and deliberate reduction of tax legally due.
Legal references
- CIR v. Estate of Benigno P. Toda, Jr., G.R. No. 147188, September 14, 2004, main decision: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/sep2004/gr_147188_2004.html
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