Practice question
When is the expectation of probable injury assessed in the cited proximate-cause formulation?
- Only after judgment.
- Only after the defendant receives legal advice years later.
- At the time of the relevant act or default, using the then-relevant circumstances.
- Only after the property is sold.
- Never before the injury is fully quantified.
Legal references
- https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1949/ra_386_1949.html — Civil Code, article2176.
- https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2017/mar2017/gr_164749_2017.html — Abrogar v Cosmos Bottling, GR 164749, March 15 2017, main opinion: ordinarily prudent expectation at the time of act or default.
- https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2009/nov2009/gr_173146_2009.html — Agusan del Norte Electric Cooperative v Balen, GR 173146, November 25 2009, main opinion: foreseeability test.
- https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2023/jun2023/gr_254395_2023.html — Davao del Norte Electric Cooperative v Heirs of Lucas, GR 254395, June 14 2023, main opinion: foreseeable intervening events.
Answer this question in flashcards to review your response and continue practicing.