Practice question
A claimant proves that two defendants independently caused two entirely separate losses and supplies no combined causal contribution to either loss. Does Article 2194 alone establish that each owes both losses?
- Yes; multiple defendants always owe every loss.
- No; the asserted liability for each injury still requires its substantive causal basis.
- Yes; the number of defendants replaces causation.
- Yes; all harm in one year is indivisible.
- No; Article 2194 can never apply to combined harm.
Legal references
- Civil Code Articles 2176 and 2194: https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1949/ra_386_1949.html
- Abrogar v. Cosmos Bottling Company, G.R. No. 164749, March 15, 2017, main decision: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2017/mar2017/gr_164749_2017.html
- Soriano v. Intestate Estate of Diano, G.R. No. 277496, January 20, 2026, main decision: https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/1/70347
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