Practice question
An owner has an undisputed legal power over a property. Proven communications show the owner exercises it in bad faith solely to prejudice a neighbor, causing proven loss. The owner asserts that lawful entitlement alone defeats any human-relations claim. Which is sound?
- The right’s existence always defeats scrutiny
- Every exercise must be invalid before Article 19 applies
- A legal right can be exercised abusively; the proven bad-faith manner, injurious purpose and damage must be assessed under Articles 19-21
- The neighbor must prove ownership of the owner’s property
- Only criminal conviction can permit relief
Legal references
- Mercado v. Ongpin, G.R. 207324, September 30, 2020; Civil Code, Articles 19-21: https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/1/67004
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