Practice question
Explain why Article 2185’s traffic-violation presumption is not a substitute for every element of a negligence claim.
Legal references
- https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1949/ra_386_1949.html — Civil Code, articles 1173,2176–2179 and 2185.
- https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/18/70498 — Laza v Standard Insurance, GR 279772, June 29 2026, main opinion: negligent conduct, damage, and proximate cause.
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