Practice question
A claimant proves only that a defendant intentionally performed a lawful act and that the claimant disliked its outcome. No loss or injury contrary to morals, good customs, or public policy is established. The claimant says intention alone satisfies Article 21. Which is correct?
- Every voluntary act is tortious.
- Dislike conclusively establishes immoral injury.
- Article 21 requires the stipulated additional wrongful-manner and loss-or-injury elements; intent alone is insufficient.
- Every lawful act necessarily requires payment to all observers.
- The defendant must prove a contract with every bystander.
Legal references
- https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1949/ra_386_1949.html — Civil Code, articles 19–21,26 and28.
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