Effects of Loss of Thing Sold

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1. Under Article 1493, what is the effect if the object of the sale is already entirely lost when the contract is perfecte…
2. If the thing is already lost only in part at perfection, Article 1493 gives the buyer which alternatives?
3. Which fact is central to Article 1494's rule for specific goods already perished or materially deteriorated?
4. At perfection, a determinate item priced at P100,000 has already been partially lost. The remaining part is established…
5. Specific goods had already materially deteriorated so that their character was substantially changed, without the selle…
6. A divisible sale identifies ten particular machines at an agreed P50,000 for each. Before the sale and without the sell…
7. A unique machine was completely destroyed the day before the parties purported to perfect its sale. The seller claims t…
8. Compare the total-loss and partial-loss rules under Article 1493, identifying the relevant time and the buyer's electio…
9. State the buyer's alternatives under Article 1494 where specific goods have already perished in part or materially dete…
10. Why must a problem about loss of sold property establish whether the loss preceded perfection or occurred later, rather…
11. Under 1504’s ordinary goods-risk rule, what event generally shifts risk absent agreement or exception?
12. Where goods are delivered and seller retains ownership merely as security for buyer performance, what 1504 exception ap…