Practice question
A lease’s escalation language covers specified utility contingencies. The landlord loads unrelated expenses not included by that clause and refuses to show the computation. Does signing the lease conclusively authorize those charges?
- Yes, every possible expense is automatically included
- Yes, a landlord may add unlimited categories
- Only a new property title is needed
- Only the size of the bill matters
- No; the actual clause, proof, and limits on unilateral imposition must be examined
Legal references
- Gotesco Properties, Inc. v. Cua, G.R. Nos.228513 and 228552, February 15, 2023, MAIN decision: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2023/feb2023/gr_228513_2023.html
- Civil Code, Articles 1159,1191,1249,1308,1314-1316,1319,1322-1326,1933-1934,1962 and1980: https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1949/ra_386_1949.html
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