Consensuality

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1. What is the general perfection rule for consensual contracts under Article 1315?
2. What does a qualified acceptance generally constitute under Article 1319?
3. Must contractual acceptance always be express?
4. A seller offers a specified item for PHP20,000. The buyer replies, “I accept only if the price is PHP15,000.” No furthe…
5. An offer expressly requires acceptance by a signed notice delivered to a specified office before Friday. The offeree in…
6. Parties fully agree on the object, price and lawful terms of an ordinary consensual service contract, with no special-f…
7. A published advertisement lists general merchandise prices but does not show a contrary intention to make a definite of…
8. Explain why a reply changing an offered price is ordinarily a counter-offer rather than acceptance.
9. State the general consensuality principle and its limits.
10. An offer prescribes a deadline and method of acceptance. Explain their relevance to perfection.
11. Under Article 1319, when does acceptance by ordinary letter bind the offeror under the stated knowledge rule?
12. For an offer made through an authorized agent, what communication does Article 1322 specify?