Practice question
A claimant establishes actionable defamation and resulting serious reputational humiliation. Defendant argues that the absence of a contract makes moral damages impossible. Which is sound?
- A contract is universally necessary.
- Only employers can commit actionable defamation.
- All reputational claims are nominal only.
- Every defamatory statement yields unlimited damages automatically.
- The defamation category is not dependent on a contract.
Legal references
- Civil Code Articles 2206, 2208 and 2216-2225: https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1949/ra_386_1949.html
- University of Southeastern Philippines v. Sarate, G.R. No. 247617, November 25, 2025, en banc main decision, Part IV: https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/1/70367
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